1. Giriş
Linguisticsin dallarından biri olan morfoloji, biçim birimleri (en küçük dilsel biçim ve anlam birimleri) ve kelimeleri oluşturma şekillerini inceler. Kelimelerin söz diziminin en küçük birimi olduğu genel görüşüne rağmen birçok dilde kelimelerin diğer kelimelere kurallar yoluyla bağlandığı açıktır. Bu kurallar, kelimelerin en küçük birimlerden meydana gelme şekilleri ve konuşmada yarattıkları etkileşim ile ilgili özel örüntüler ortaya koyar. Morfoloji bilim dalı kelime oluşumu kalıplarını bu şekilde inceler ve bir dilin konuşmacılarının bilgisi temelinde o dilin dil bilgisini inşa etmeye çalışır.
1.1 Biçim Birimleri
Bir biçim birim, dilsel biçimi ve semantik anlamı olan en küçük dil birimidir. Konuşma dilinde biçim birimler fonemlerden (en küçük ses/konuşma birimi) oluşmaktayken yazı dilinde grafemlerden (sesi/konuşmayı temsil eden küçük yazılı birim) oluşmaktadır.
1.2 Sözcük Birimler
Bir sözcük birim, çekimler (ör. son ekler) eklenerek cinsiyet, zaman, sayı veya kişi ile ilgili biçim bilgilerinin verildiği soyut sözcüksel anlam birimleridir. Örneğin, İngilizce’de give, gives, giving, given, ve gave tek bir sözcük birimini (yani tek bir anlam oluşumunu) oluşturmaktadır. Çekim eki olmayan bir sözcük birimi ise sözcük birim olarak bilinmekte olup minimum sayıda çekim eki bulunan veya hiç çekim eki bulunmayan bir kelime birimi ise lemma olarak adlandırılır.
1.3 Bileşik Sözcük
Wikipedia tanımına göre Linguisticsde bileşik sözcük birden fazla sözcük birimden oluşan bir sözcük birimdir (bir kelimedir). Bileşik sözcükler üç çeşittir: 1) AB sözcüğünün B’nin yalnızca bir örneği olduğu başlı bileşik sözcükler (örneğin İngilizce’de teaspoon); 2) AB sözcüğünün ne A sözcüğü ne de B sözcüğü olduğu ancak AB sözcüğü ile ilişkili olan C sözcüğü olduğu başsız bileşik sözcükler (örneğin İngilizce’de birdbrain); ve 3) AB sözcüğünün A ve B sözcüklerinin birleşiminden oluştuğu birleşmiş bileşik sözcükler (örneğin İngilizce’de producer-director).
1.Introduction
Morphologyis the branch of linguistics that studies morphemes (the smallest units oflinguistic form and meaning) and how they constitute words. Despite the factthat words are generally accepted as being the smallest units of syntax, it isclear that in many most 1languages wordscan be related to other words by rules. The rules display produce some clear kind ofspecific patterns in regarding 2theway words are foromed3 from smallerunits and how these interact in speech.? Thus, morphology isthe branch of linguistics that studies patterns of word formation, and attempts to construct a language’s grammar based on theknowledge of the its speakers of those languages4.
1.1 Morphemes
A mMorphemeis the smallest linguistic unit of language that haslinguistic form and semantics meaning. In oral spoken language,morphemescomprise phonemes (the smallest unit of sound/speech) make up morphemes5; whereas,6 in written language,graphemes (the smallest written unit representing sound/speech) compose mor phemes…. .
1.2Lexemes
Alexeme is anabstract unit of a wordlexical meaning7 towhich inflections (e.g., suffixes) can be added to reflect gender-, tense-, number-, andperson-relevant grammatical information. For example, give, gives,giving, given, and gave form a single lexeme (that is,one meaning entity). A word unit with all of its inflections is called alexeme, moreover, a word unit having minimal or no inflection is called alemma.
1.3 Compounds
Using the wW8ikipediadefinition,iInlinguistics, a compound is a lexeme (a word) that consists of more than oneother lexeme. There are three types of compounds—An endocentriccompounds where AB is an instance of B (e.g., teaspoon); exocentriccompounds where AB is neither an A nor a B but a C associated with AB (e.g., birdbrain);and copulative compounds where AB is A and B (e.g., producer-director).
1.Introduction
Morphologyis the branch of linguistics that studies morphemes (the smallest units oflinguistic form and meaning) and how they constitute words. Despite the fact thatAlthoughwordsare generally accepted as being the smallest units of syntax, it is clear thatin many most 1languageswords can bearerelated to other words by rules,2 which result in. The rules display produce some clear kind ofspecificpatterns inregarding 3the ways that words are foro4med from smallerunits and how these they interact in speech.? Thus, morphology is the branch of linguistics that5 studies patterns of word formation, and attempts toconstruct alanguage’s grammar based on the knowledge of the its speakers of thoselanguages6.
1.1 Morphemes
A mMorphemeis the smallest linguistic unit of language that has linguistic form and semantics meaning. In oral spoken language,morphemes comprise 7phonemes (the smallest unit of sound/speech) make up morphemes; whereas,8 in written language, they are constituted by graphemes (the smallestwritten unit representing sound/speech) composemorphemes…. .
1.2Lexemes
Alexeme is anabstract unit of a wordlexical meaning9 towhich inflections (e.g., suffixes) can be added to reflect gender-, tense-,number-,and person-relevant grammatical information. For example, give,gives, giving, given, and gave form a singlelexeme; they are all forms of the same entity andshare the same root (that is, one meaning entity)10.A The set ofwords unit with noall of its inflections is called a the lexeme; moreoverhowever, at the root of each lexeme is a lemma, which is a word unit having with minimal or no inflection is called a lemma. andconstitutes the canonical or citation form of a set of words that share thesame lexeme.11
1.3 Compounds
Using the wW12ikipediadefinition,iInlinguistics, a compound is a lexeme (aword) that consists of more than one other lexeme. There are three types of compounds—13: 1)An endocentric compounds whereby the compound serves the same linguistic function as oneof its parts, such that AB is an instance of B (e.g., teaspoon);2) exocentric compounds in which the compound fulfills a new function, such that14 where AB is neither an A nor a B but rather 15a C associated with AB (e.g., bird brain);and 3) copulative or combination compoundswhereby AB is a combination of A and B (e.g., producer-director).
1. Introduction
Morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies morphemes (the smallest units of linguistic form and meaning) and how they constitute words. Although words are generally accepted as being the smallest units of syntax, it is clear that in most languages words are related to other words by rules, which result in specific patterns regarding the ways that words are formed from smaller units and how they interact in speech. Thus, morphology studies patterns of word-formation, and attempts to construct a language’s grammar based on the knowledge of its speakers.
1.1 Morphemes
A morpheme is the smallest unit of language that has linguistic form and semantic meaning. In spoken language, morphemes comprise phonemes (the smallest unit of sound/speech); whereas, in written language, they are constituted by graphemes (the smallest written unit representing sound/speech).
1.2 Lexemes
A lexeme is an abstract unit of lexical meaning to which inflections (e.g., suffixes) can be added to reflect gender-, tense-, number-, and person-relevant grammatical information. For example, give, gives, giving, given, and gave form a single lexeme; they are all forms of the same entity and share the same root meaning. The set of words with all of its inflections is called the lexeme; however, at the root of each lexeme is a lemma, which is a word unit with minimal or no inflection and constitutes the canonical or citation form of a set of words that share the same lexeme.
1.3 Compounds
Using the Wikipedia definition, in linguistics, a compound is a word that consists of more than one lexeme. There are three types of compounds: 1)endocentric compounds whereby the compound serves the same linguistic function as one of its parts, such that AB is an instance of B (e.g., teaspoon); 2) exocentric compounds in which the compound fulfills a new function, such that AB is neither an A nor a B but rather a C associated with AB (e.g., birdbrain); and 3) copulative or combination compounds whereby AB is a combination of A and B (e.g., producer-director).
